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Familial hyperaldosteronism type IV (FH4) is a rare autosomal dominant form of primary aldosteronism characterized by inappropriate aldosterone production, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis. A single 27-year-old female presenting with persistent hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis despite normotension was reported; clinical exome sequencing identified a heterozygous CACNA1H variant in the T-type calcium channel gene, implicating FH4 in her phenotype (1 proband) (PMID:39803142).
Whole-exome sequencing in patients with various forms of primary aldosteronism identified four unrelated individuals with heterozygous germline CACNA1H variants, including a recurrent de novo c.4647G>T (p.Met1549Ile), plus c.587C>T (p.Ser196Leu), c.5852T>A (p.Val1951Glu), and p.Pro2083Leu, segregating in FH pedigrees (4 probands) (PMID:27729216).
Functional assays in human adrenocortical H295R-S2 cells and zona glomerulosa preparations demonstrated that these Cav3.2 channel mutants exhibit slowed inactivation, enhanced recovery, and increased window currents, resulting in elevated CYP11B2 expression and aldosterone production consistent with a gain-of-function mechanism (PMID:31706065; PMID:27729216).
Collectively, the presence of de novo and familial heterozygous CACNA1H variants in independent probands, along with concordant gain-of-function data, supports a Moderate clinical validity for the gene–disease association. Genetic testing of CACNA1H should be incorporated into the diagnostic workup of early-onset primary aldosteronism, with functional studies guiding targeted therapeutic strategies.
Gene–Disease AssociationModerate5 probands with heterozygous CACNA1H variants in FH4 and related PA cases; functional concordance Genetic EvidenceModerateFour unrelated germline variants including de novo events in FH4 probands (PMID:27729216) Functional EvidenceStrongMultiple in vitro assays in H295R-S2 and ZG cells demonstrate gain-of-function effects increasing aldosterone synthesis (PMID:31706065; PMID:27729216) |